1 Let's do an ikiwiki security analysis.
3 If you are using ikiwiki to render pages that only you can edit, do not
4 generate any wrappers, and do not use the cgi, then there are no more
5 security issues with this program than with cat(1). If, however, you let
6 others edit pages in your wiki, then some possible security issues do need
15 _(The list of things to fix.)_
19 Anyone with direct commit access can forge "web commit from foo" and
20 make it appear on [[RecentChanges]] like foo committed. One way to avoid
21 this would be to limit web commits to those done by a certian user.
23 ## other stuff to look at
25 I need to audit the git backend a bit, and have been meaning to
26 see if any CRLF injection type things can be done in the CGI code.
34 ## image file etc attacks
36 If it enounters a file type it does not understand, ikiwiki just copies it
37 into place. So if you let users add any kind of file they like, they can
38 upload images, movies, windows executables, css files, etc (though not html
39 files). If these files exploit security holes in the browser of someone
40 who's viewing the wiki, that can be a security problem.
42 Of course nobody else seems to worry about this in other wikis, so should we?
44 Currently only people with direct svn commit access can upload such files
45 (and if you wanted to you could block that with a svn pre-commit hook).
46 Users with only web commit access are limited to editing pages as ikiwiki
47 doesn't support file uploads from browsers (yet), so they can't exploit
50 ## multiple accessors of wiki directory
52 If multiple people can write to the source directory ikiwiki is using, or
53 to the destination directory it writes files to, then one can cause trouble
54 for the other when they run ikiwiki through symlink attacks.
56 So it's best if only one person can ever write to those directories.
60 Setup files are not safe to keep in subversion with the rest of the wiki.
61 Just don't do it. [[ikiwiki.setup]] is *not* used as the setup file for
64 ## page locking can be bypassed via direct svn commits
66 A locked page can only be edited on the web by an admin, but
67 anyone who is allowed to commit direct to svn can bypass this. This is by
68 design, although a subversion pre-commit hook could be used to prevent
69 editing of locked pages when using subversion, if you really need to.
73 If your web server does any parsing of special sorts of files (for example,
74 server parsed html files), then if you let anyone else add files to the wiki,
75 they can try to use this to exploit your web server.
81 _(AKA, the assumptions that will be the root of most security holes...)_
83 ## exploting ikiwiki with bad content
85 Someone could add bad content to the wiki and hope to exploit ikiwiki.
86 Note that ikiwiki runs with perl taint checks on, so this is unlikely.
88 One fun thing in ikiwiki is its handling of a PageSpec, which involves
89 translating it into perl and running the perl. Of course, this is done
90 *very* carefully to guard against injecting arbitrary perl code.
92 ## publishing cgi scripts
94 ikiwiki does not allow cgi scripts to be published as part of the wiki. Or
95 rather, the script is published, but it's not marked executable (except in
96 the case of "destination directory file replacement" below), so hopefully
97 your web server will not run it.
101 ikiwiki --wrapper is intended to generate a wrapper program that
102 runs ikiwiki to update a given wiki. The wrapper can in turn be made suid,
103 for example to be used in a [[post-commit]] hook by people who cannot write
104 to the html pages, etc.
106 If the wrapper script is made suid, then any bugs in this wrapper would be
107 security holes. The wrapper is written as securely as I know how, is based
108 on code that has a history of security use long before ikiwiki, and there's
113 ikiwiki does not expose untrusted data to the shell. In fact it doesn't use
114 system() at all, and the only use of backticks is on data supplied by the
115 wiki admin and untainted filenames. And it runs with taint checks on of
120 When ikiwiki runs as a cgi to edit a page, it is passed the name of the
121 page to edit. It has to make sure to sanitise this page, to prevent eg,
122 editing of ../../../foo, or editing of files that are not part of the wiki,
123 such as subversion dotfiles. This is done by sanitising the filename
124 removing unallowed characters, then making sure it doesn't start with "/"
125 or contain ".." or "/.svn/". Annoyingly ad-hoc, this kind of code is where
126 security holes breed. It needs a test suite at the very least.
128 ## CGI::Session security
130 I've audited this module and it is massively insecure by default. ikiwiki
131 uses it in one of the few secure ways; by forcing it to write to a
132 directory it controls (and not /tmp) and by setting a umask that makes the
133 file not be world readable.
135 ## cgi password security
137 Login to the wiki involves sending a password in cleartext over the net.
138 Cracking the password only allows editing the wiki as that user though.
139 If you care, you can use https, I suppose. If you do use https either for
140 all of the wiki, or just the cgi access, then consider using the sslcookie
143 ## XSS holes in CGI output
145 ikiwiki has not yet been audited to ensure that all cgi script input/output
146 is sanitised to prevent XSS attacks. For example, a user can't register
147 with a username containing html code (anymore).
149 It's difficult to know for sure if all such avenues have really been
152 ## HTML::Template security
154 If the [[plugins/template]] plugin is enabled, users can modify templates
155 like any other part of the wiki. This assumes that HTML::Template is secure
156 when used with untrusted/malicious templates. (Note that includes are not
157 allowed, so that's not a problem.)
163 _(Unless otherwise noted, these were discovered and immediately fixed by the
164 ikiwiki developers.)_
166 ## destination directory file replacement
168 Any file in the destination directory that is a valid page filename can be
169 replaced, even if it was not originally rendered from a page. For example,
170 ikiwiki.cgi could be edited in the wiki, and it would write out a
171 replacement. File permission is preseved. Yipes!
173 This was fixed by making ikiwiki check if the file it's writing to exists;
174 if it does then it has to be a file that it's aware of creating before, or
175 it will refuse to create it.
177 Still, this sort of attack is something to keep in mind.
181 Could a committer trick ikiwiki into following a symlink and operating on
182 some other tree that it shouldn't? svn supports symlinks, so one can get
183 into the repo. ikiwiki uses File::Find to traverse the repo, and does not
184 tell it to follow symlinks, but it might be possible to race replacing a
185 directory with a symlink and trick it into following the link.
187 Also, if someone checks in a symlink to /etc/passwd, ikiwiki would read and
188 publish that, which could be used to expose files a committer otherwise
191 To avoid this, ikiwiki will skip over symlinks when scanning for pages, and
192 uses locking to prevent more than one instance running at a time. The lock
193 prevents one ikiwiki from running a svn up at the wrong time to race
194 another ikiwiki. So only attackers who can write to the working copy on
195 their own can race it.
197 ## symlink + cgi attacks
199 Similarly, a svn commit of a symlink could be made, ikiwiki ignores it
200 because of the above, but the symlink is still there, and then you edit the
201 page from the web, which follows the symlink when reading the page
202 (exposing the content), and again when saving the changed page (changing
205 This was fixed for page saving by making ikiwiki refuse to write to files
206 that are symlinks, or that are in subdirectories that are symlinks,
207 combined with the above locking.
209 For page editing, it's fixed by ikiwiki checking to make sure that it
210 already has found a page by scanning the tree, before loading it for
211 editing, which as described above, also is done in a way that avoids
214 ## underlaydir override attacks
216 ikiwiki also scans an underlaydir for pages, this is used to provide stock
217 pages to all wikis w/o needing to copy them into the wiki. Since ikiwiki
218 internally stores only the base filename from the underlaydir or srcdir,
219 and searches for a file in either directory when reading a page source,
220 there is the potential for ikiwiki's scanner to reject a file from the
221 srcdir for some reason (such as it being contained in a directory that is
222 symlinked in), find a valid copy of the file in the underlaydir, and then
223 when loading the file, mistakenly load the bad file from the srcdir.
225 This attack is avoided by making ikiwiki refuse to add any files from the
226 underlaydir if a file also exists in the srcdir with the same name.
228 ## multiple page source issues
230 Note that I previously worried that underlay override attacks could also be
231 accomplished if ikiwiki were extended to support other page markup
232 languages besides markdown. However, a closer look indicates that this is
233 not a problem: ikiwiki does preserve the file extension when storing the
234 source filename of a page, so a file with another extension that renders to
235 the same page name can't bypass the check. Ie, ikiwiki won't skip foo.rst
236 in the srcdir, find foo.mdwn in the underlay, decide to render page foo and
237 then read the bad foo.mdwn. Instead it will remember the .rst extension and
238 only render a file with that extension.
240 ## XSS attacks in page content
242 ikiwiki supports protecting users from their own broken browsers via the
243 [[plugins/htmlscrubber]] plugin, which is enabled by default.
247 It's was possible to force a whole series of svn commits to appear to
248 have come just before yours, by forging svn log output. This was
249 guarded against by using svn log --xml.
251 ikiwiki escapes any html in svn commit logs to prevent other mischief.
255 XML::Parser is used by the aggregation plugin, and has some security holes.
256 Bug #[378411](http://bugs.debian.org/378411) does not
257 seem to affect our use, since the data is not encoded as utf-8 at that
258 point. #[378412](http://bugs.debian.org/378412) could affect us, although it
259 doesn't seem very exploitable. It has a simple fix, and has been fixed in
264 Various directives that cause one page to be included into another could
265 be exploited to DOS the wiki, by causing a loop. Ikiwiki has always guarded
266 against this one way or another; the current solution should detect all
267 types of loops involving preprocessor directives.