1 #+date: 2017-10-10 16:56:56 +0800
3 #+title: Explore Australian road fatalities.
5 ** Road fatalities in Australia
7 :CUSTOM_ID: road-fatalities-in-australia
9 Recently inspired to doing a little analysis again, I landed on a
11 [[https://bitre.gov.au/statistics/safety/fatal_road_crash_database.aspx]],
12 which I downloaded on 5 Oct 2017. Having open datasets for data is a
13 great example of how governments are moving with the times!
19 I started by looking at the trends - what is the approximate number of
20 road fatalities a year, and how is it evolving over time? Are there any
21 differences noticeable between states? Or by gender?
23 #+CAPTION: Overall trendline
24 #+ATTR_HTML: :class img-fluid :alt Overall trendline
25 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalitiesTrends-1.png]]
26 #+CAPTION: Trendlines by Australian state
27 #+ATTR_HTML: :class img-fluid :alt Trendline by Australian state
28 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalitiesTrends-2.png]]
29 #+CAPTION: Trendlines by gender
30 #+ATTR_HTML: :class img-fluid :alt Trendlines by gender
31 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalitiesTrends-3.png]]
33 ** What age group is most at risk in city traffic?
35 :CUSTOM_ID: what-age-group-is-most-at-risk-in-city-traffic
37 Next, I wondered if there were any particular ages that were more at
38 risk in city traffic. I opted to quickly bin the data to produce a
43 filter(Year != 2017, Speed_Limit <= 50) %>%
45 geom_histogram(binwidth = 5) +
46 labs(title = "Australian road fatalities by age group",
50 ## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
54 #+ATTR_HTLM: :class img-fluid :alt histogram
55 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalities.cityTraffic-1.png]]
59 :CUSTOM_ID: hypothesis
61 Based on the above, I wondered - are people above 65 more likely to die
62 in slow traffic areas? To make this a bit easier, I added two variables
63 to the dataset - one splitting people in younger and older than 65, and
64 one based on the speed limit in the area of the crash being under or
65 above 50 km per hour - city traffic or faster in Australia.
68 fatalities.pensioners <- fatalities %>%
69 filter(Speed_Limit <= 110) %>% # less than 2% has this - determine why
70 mutate(Pensioner = if_else(Age >= 65, TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
71 mutate(Slow_Traffic = ifelse(Speed_Limit <= 50, TRUE, FALSE)) %>%
72 filter(!is.na(Pensioner))
75 To answer the question, I produce a density plot and a boxplot.
77 #+CAPTION: densityplot
78 #+ATTR_HTML: :class img-fluid :alt densityplot
79 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalitiesSegmentation-1.png]]
81 #+ATTR_HTML: :class img-fluid :alt boxplot
82 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalitiesSegmentation-2.png]]
84 Some further statistical analysis does confirm the hypothesis!
87 # Build a contingency table and perform prop test
88 cont.table <- table(select(fatalities.pensioners, Slow_Traffic, Pensioner))
92 ## Slow_Traffic FALSE TRUE
99 ## 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity
103 ## X-squared = 154.11, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16
104 ## alternative hypothesis: two.sided
105 ## 95 percent confidence interval:
106 ## 0.07596463 0.11023789
109 ## 0.8351573 0.7420561
111 # Alternative approach to using prop test
112 pensioners <- c(nrow(filter(fatalities.pensioners, Slow_Traffic == TRUE, Pensioner == TRUE)), nrow(filter(fatalities.pensioners, Slow_Traffic == FALSE, Pensioner == TRUE)))
113 everyone <- c(nrow(filter(fatalities.pensioners, Slow_Traffic == TRUE)), nrow(filter(fatalities.pensioners, Slow_Traffic == FALSE)))
114 prop.test(pensioners,everyone)
117 ## 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity
120 ## data: pensioners out of everyone
121 ## X-squared = 154.11, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16
122 ## alternative hypothesis: two.sided
123 ## 95 percent confidence interval:
124 ## 0.07596463 0.11023789
127 ## 0.2579439 0.1648427
132 :CUSTOM_ID: conclusion
134 It's possible to conclude older people are over-represented in the
135 fatalities in lower speed zones. Further ideas for investigation are
136 understanding the impact of the driving age limit on the fatalities -
137 the position in the car of the fatalities (driver or passenger) was not
138 yet considered in this quick look at the contents of the dataset.
140 #+CAPTION: quantile-quantile plot
141 #+ATTR_HTML: :class img-fluid :alt quantile-quantile plot
142 [[file:assets/explore-AU-road-fatalities_files/fatalitiesDistComp-1.png]]