+[[!toc levels=3]]
+
+# Zoned ikiwiki
+
+## The idea
+
The idea behind this would be to have one ikiwiki behave as a dynamic private wiki in a specified area
-and a more static publiczone wiki. Actually private wiki page can be addressed via a *pagespec*.
+and a more static publiczone wiki.
+
+## Use cases
+
+This can be more or less difficult depending on the use case.
+
+### Purely static public zone with a single, controlled-access inward zone
+
+For this case, only a known set of people are authorized to see the inward zone
+or edit anything. Everybody else sees only the public zone. This use case is mostly
+easy to handle now, as long as access to things like the `recentchanges` page and
+repository browser are not granted for the public zone. In particular, the features
+that allow information exposure via edit access are not of concern in this case.
+
+### Static public zone, more than one controlled inward zone
+
+In this case, the known, controlled set of people with special access are divided
+into groups with access to different (or overlapping) zones. The public still sees only a static zone.
+
+Here, some of the harder issues, like information disclosure via edit access, do apply,
+but only to members of the known, controlled groups. How much of a problem that is
+depends on _how sensitive_ the information is that each group might reveal from another
+zone. The rcs logs will show when a page has been edited to contain an [[ikiwiki/directive/inline]]
+directive or other trick to reveal information, so if it is enough to treat the trusted users' conduct
+as a management issue ("don't do that, please") then the risks can be acceptable in this case.
+
+### Public zone allows contribution/editing by external users
+
+This case is the most difficult to cover at present, and probably shouldn't be attempted
+without solutions to most or all of the **obstacles** identified here.
+
+## Implementation techniques
+
+### Edit control by user and pagespec: lockedit
+
+This works today, using the [[plugins/lockedit]] plugin. Because the `user` predicate
+can be part of a [[ikiwiki/PageSpec]], this is all we need to flexibly control edit access
+using any authentication method `ikiwiki` supports.
+
+### View control in the `http` server
+
+We already can more or less do this for example with [[httpauth|/plugins/httpauth/]], `.htaccess` files and a proper `httpauth_pagespec`.
+
+_Drawbacks:_ might be fiddly to configure and require maintaining two different user/pass logbases (native ikiwiki
+signin), or impractical if ikiwiki is using an authentication method not natively supported
+in the `http` server (e.g., OpenID).
+
+### View control in ikiwiki CGI
+
+By requiring access to private zones to go through an ikiwiki CGI wrapper,
+any ikiwiki-supported authentication method can be used, and the accessible
+pages can be specified using the `user` predicate with [[ikiwiki/PageSpec]]s,
+just as with the [[plugins/lockedit]] plugin.
+
+The [[plugins/contrib/signinview]] plugin implements this idea, using very
+simple configuration that is possible even in shared-hosting environments
+without complete access to the `http` server configuration, as long as
+`.htaccess` files or their equivalent can be created. The top directory of
+a private zone needs only a `.htaccess` file with `Deny from All` or
+`Require all denied` (or other equivalent directive for the `http` server
+in use), and a `403` error handler of `{$cgiurl}?do=view`.
+
+The plugin emits response headers intended to discourage non-private caches
+from retaining the retrieved content. (They are already supposed to avoid
+caching any response to a request with an `Authorization` header, but this
+plugin can be used with any ikiwiki-supported auth method, not all of which
+require that header.)
+
+A plugin like [[plugins/contrib/pagespec_alias]] can be very useful for
+defining a group of authorized users:
+
+ us: user(alice) or user(bob) or user(clotaldo)
+
+so that zone access can be a simple [[ikiwiki/PageSpec]]:
+
+ us() and ours/*
-What is ready /can be done:
+*Drawbacks:* The private zones no longer reap all the benefits of a static
+wiki generator, as a (fairly heavy) ikiwiki CGI wrapper must be started for
+each access. (On the other hand, all it needs to do after confirming authorization
+is basically `cat` the statically-generated page with appropriate response headers,
+keeping the code simple and easy to audit.)
-* We already can more or less do this for example with [[httpauth|/plugins/httpauth/]], *.htaccess* files and a proper *httpauth_pagespec*
-yet at the cost of maintaining two different user/pass logbase (native ikiwiki signin)
-* Furthermore we can [[lockedit|plugins/lockedit/]] some pagespecs, ie in the public zone.
+This can be adequate for a case where the static, public zone could receive a lot
+of traffic, with the private zone(s) accessed only by a known small group of people.
+
+### View control with a FastCGI Authorizer
+
+A plugin implementing a [FastCGI](http://www.fastcgi.com/)
+[Authorizer](http://www.fastcgi.com/drupal/node/6?q=node/22#S6.3) could provide
+the same benefits as [[plugins/contrib/signinview]] (any ikiwiki-supported auth
+method, simple zone definition with [[ikiwiki/PageSpec]]s) with less overhead
+per access. It would also be simpler than [[plugins/contrib/signinview]] by
+leaving it as the `http` server's responsibility to generate the proper headers
+and serve the content.
+
+Caching proxies are already supposed to avoid caching any response to a request
+that included an `Authorization` header. For some ikiwiki-supported auth methods,
+that header might not be needed in the request, and care may be needed to configure
+the server to emit other necessary response headers to discourage caching of
+content from a private zone.
+
+*Drawbacks:* Not yet implemented, someone would have to do it.
+It's not clear [[what code changes fastcgi|todo/fastcgi or modperl installation instructions]]
+would require in ikiwiki. An Authorizer seems like a good place to start because of its
+limited, simple functionality--but as it could make use of any ikiwiki-supported auth method,
+evaluate `PageSpec`s, and the like, it could still run a non-trivial amount of the code.
+
+## Obstacles
+
+A number of ikiwiki features aren't (yet) designed with zoning in mind,
+and it will take some effort both to identify them all, and to think out how they
+could be addressed. This section invites brainstorming of both kinds.
+This might eventually merit a separate page [[Zoned ikiwiki obstacles]]
+but I'll begin it here.
+
+Note that not all of these issues will be problems for all **zoned ikiwiki use cases**.
+
+### Leakage of page existence by `do=goto`
+
+An unauthorized client can use a `do=goto` request to find out whether a
+page exists (will be forbidden to view it) or not (will be forbidden to create it).
+
+In [[plugins/contrib/signinview]] this is handled by hooking
+`cgi` first and checking for `goto` and a non-public page. If the requested page
+(existing or not) matches the `public_pages` PageSpec, it is handed off for the `goto`
+plugin to handle normally. Otherwise, the `do` parameter is changed to `signingoto`
+so the `goto` plugin's `cgi` hook will _not_ handle it, and the `sessioncgi` hook
+takes care of it when the user's identity is available.
+
+### Backlinks
What is problematic is when you link a public page in a private page :
a backlink will be generated from the public page to the private page.
-As I noticed in [[per_page_ACLs]] in the end users through backlink
+As noted in [[per_page_ACLs]] in the end users through backlink
navigation will frequently hit HTTP/401 deterring browsing as well as for the admin at false-positive logwatching.
One can radically [[disable backlinks feature|todo/allow_disabling_backlinks]] but then no more neat backlink navigation that
is really good to have in both area.
-I think of just preventing this backlink leak in that case would be sufficient via i.e a *privatebacklinks* config and
-a below patch.
+Another way of just preventing this backlink leak in that case would be sufficient via i.e a *privatebacklinks* config and
+a patch like this one [[!toggle id="backlinkpatch" text="(show)"]].
+[[!toggleable id="backlinkpatch" text="""
Comments are welcome.
[[mathdesc]]
}
</pre>
+"""]]
+
+In use cases where the main concern about backlinks is only the bad user experience when links are
+shown that lead to access denial when clicked, a workable
+solution could be to make the backlinks `div` invisible in `local.css`.
+
+### recentchanges page
+
+An accessible `recentchanges` page can include links to changes to pages
+that should not be accessible. Even if the links cannot be followed, the
+existence of the pages and their edit history are leaked. If rcs integration
+is configured, those links on the `recentchanges` page can leak complete contents
+through the **rcs browser**.
+
+It can be helpful to generate separate `recentchanges` pages for different zones.
+The [[plugins/recentchanges]] plugin already allows this--a `recentchanges` page
+can be created anywhere, just by using the `recentchanges` directive
+with the right [[ikiwiki/PageSpec]] for the zone it should cover--except that it cannot yet
+be configured to generate a different `recentchanges` link destination into pages
+in different zones. So, it would be helpful if its configuration could allow multiple
+`recentchangespage` values, paired with `PageSpec`s for the pages on which they
+should be used.
+
+### rcs browser
+
+If the repository browser is accessible, potentially all content can be exposed.
+Even if links to the repository browser are not generated into public wiki pages,
+if a user can obtain or guess the repository browser URL and construct arbitrary
+requests, information can be revealed.
+
+Solutions could involve authnz features of the revision control systems themselves
+and their associated repository browsers; for example, `svn` supposedly has such
+features, and recent versions of `viewvc` supposedly honor them. But such features
+may not be available for every rcs, and where they are available, they'll have to
+be configured separately and differently from ikiwiki itself. They might not support
+the same auth methods (e.g. OpenID) being used by the wiki itself.
+
+Another approach would be for ikiwiki's own rcs plugin to generate a CGI wrapper
+that invokes the repository browser CGI (which itself would _not_ be made
+executable via `http` request). The `historyurl` and `diffurl` would then refer
+to this wrapper. (In fact, they would not have to be specified in the config file,
+as the plugin would know where it generated them. Instead, what would need to be
+specified would be the filesystem path for the rcs browser being wrapped). The
+wrapper could dissect the request parameters, identify the pages being accessed,
+and subject them to the same accessibility tests used for the wiki. The rcs browser
+itself needs to be configured to use the wrapper URL in all its generated links,
+
+This might not be very hard to do with `gitweb` as it is already implemented in Perl.
+The wrapper could probably import it and use its already-supplied routines to parse
+the request into the affected file names, and probably complete the whole request
+without a second `exec`. Other rcs backends might or might not be as easy.
+
+### Search
+
+If [[plugins/search]] is enabled, private content is indexed and
+searchable to the public.
+
+### Information leaks allowed by edit access
> Have you considered all the ways that anyone with edit access to the
> public wiki could expose information from the public wiki? For example,
-> you could inline all the private pages into a public page. --[[Joey]]
+> you could inline all the private pages into a public page. --[[Joey]]
+
+Many ikiwiki features could give information exposure opportunities to someone
+with edit access. The list here is surely incomplete, and would take a purposeful
+review of the code and plugins (including third-party plugins) to complete.
+
+* Directives that can inline information from other pages
+ * [[ikiwiki/directive/inline]] *the most obvious one*
+ * [[ikiwiki/directive/map]]
+ * [[ikiwiki/directive/brokenlinks]] ?
+ * [[ikiwiki/directive/orphans]] ?
+ * [[ikiwiki/directive/linkmap]] ?
+ * _others_?
+* Not to forget `contrib` plugins
+ * [[plugins/contrib/report]] ?
+ * _others_?
+
+Note that, _with_ the right controls on who can edit the pages and insert
+the directives, the fact that a public page can inline stuff from private
+pages can be very useful. Public pages can be created that are populated
+by selected content that's maintained on the private side. The [[ikiwiki/directive/if]]
+directive can be used in the private content to control what parts can be
+inlined into public pages. All of this is in ikiwiki today.